From previous lessons, you have learned that the human mind did not evolve to be rational. It evolved to quickly and efficiently solve the most common problems faced by Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. Any cognitive capability outside of these requirements was a waste of metabolically expensive neurons. All those great labor-saving tricks that helped keep our Pleistocene ancestors alive create some pretty stupid mistakes in the modern world. We call these cognitive biases.
Here’s a great list of cognitive biases. You should go through the entire list, long as it is. Also, take some time to study the graphical codex of cognitive biases.
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This is a long list, and it’s rather depressing. Even more depressing is the fact that they are so common. Indeed, it’s difficult to find any discussion of a controversy that isn’t riddled with these biases. But you really shouldn’t bother attempting to memorize these mistakes. There are a million ways to lie, but only one way to tell the truth: put your integrity above everything else.